The legal institution of slavery officially ended in 1865, but it was then modified into other forms of forced labor such as sharecropping, forced contract labor on farms and inside homes, prison labor, and sex trafficking, all of which continue to mostly ensnare historically vulnerable groups such as people of color and recent immigrants. In 1860, there were 46,300 plantations in the United States and countless other sites of historical enslavement, including colleges and universities, municipal buildings, private homes, ships, military installations, reservations, and houses of worship of nearly every faith and denomination. Intergenerational, race-based chattel slavery, including the forced indenture and enslavement of indigenous Americans, has existed across the four corners of our subcontinent since at least the 1500s.
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